A Holistic Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Innovations, and Future Treatment Approaches
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33687/ricosbiol.03.01.0043Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, , Diagnostic advances, , post-pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants, reviewAbstract
COVID-19 is still a threat to global health since SARS-CoV-2 mutation and ongoing transmission across the globe. As Covid-19 moves from a pandemic response to an endemic, more research needs to be done in how to manage and develop response strategies for subsequent strains. The present paper offers an extensive literature review regarding the current state of knowledge about COVID-19 epidemiology and pathogenesis, with a focus on the new emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2 and the increasing trend of long COVID, or post-acute sequelae, after infection. Finally, the paper reviews the progress in diagnostics and detection, multiple RT-PCR, which is used to detect multiple genes in SARS-CoV-2 to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Another form of antigen tests, the ELISA-based, used for identification of viral proteins in clinical samples, are also being considered for detection of COVID-19, as easy, quick, and inexpensive diagnostic option, especially in LMICs(low- and middle-income countries). The paper also reviews the present management measures and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. These range from discovering new antiviral agents, use of Monoclonal antibodies, modifications needed in vaccine composition as a result of the current emerging forms of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Booster doses have been of great importance when it comes to continuing protection against variants that show immune escape like Omicron. In addition, more advanced cell therapies, including T-cell and stem cell therapies are in consideration as potential treatments of worse cases of COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients. Due to further mutation and unpredictable transmission patterns of the virus, the development and the actual rollout of vaccines, therapies, and diagnostics are needed to address the consequences of COVID-19 and any descendants. Therefore, the present study supports the hypothesis that the further advance of SARS-CoV-2 warrants a lasting qualitative continuation of investigation and the updating of data pertinent to COVID-19 to enhance the global control of the disease and lessening of infected populations’ morbidity and mortality.
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