Ricos Biology
type: channel
description: About Ricos Biology Journal (ISSN: 2959-3751 Electronic / 2959-3743 Print) Pioneering Discovery in the Life Sciences Ricos Biology Journal is a premier, open-access platform dedicated to advancing the frontiers of biological research. As one of the flagship publications from Ricos Publisher, we bridge the gap between foundational knowledge and cutting-edge innovation, publishing high-impact research across the entire spectrum of the life sciences. The journal's publication frequency has evolved to meet the growing demand for impactful research; it was published biannually during 2023 and 2024, transitioned to a monthly schedule in 2025, and now publishes monthly, with issues released during the final week of each month. Ricos Biology Journal is owned by Ricos Publisher and directed by Prof. Abouelhag H. A., Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Microbiology and Immunology Dept., National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt, 12622. Our Mission & Scope Our mission is to accelerate the dissemination of scientific knowledge to a global audience of researchers, scientists, educators, and the public. We welcome submissions that present significant, original contributions in both basic and advanced biological disciplines, from traditional fields to modern interdisciplinary explorations. Rigorous Editorial Standards To uphold the highest standards of scientific integrity and quality, every submission undergoes a stringent double-blind peer-review process. Our international editorial board, composed of distinguished academic scientists, oversees a meticulous workflow of review, editing, and ethical evaluation to ensure published articles are clear, credible, and impactful. Each manuscript is reviewed by at least two independent reviewers. Important Policies: Plagiarism: We maintain a zero-tolerance policy towards plagiarism. All manuscripts are screened rigorously. AI-Generated Content: The journal does not accept manuscripts that are AI-generated or artificially manipulated. …
publisher: Ricos Publisher
language: en
publication name: Ricos Biology
issn: 2959-3743
copyright: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
items: Polymer Nanoparticles and Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review
items: From Garden to Paralysis: A One Health Educational Note on Foodborne Botulism with Insights from Animal and Environmental Links
items: Polymers as Immobilizing Matrices for Enhanced Antimicrobial Production in Biofermentors: A Critical Review
items: Impact of plastic pollution on fresh water biota of water streams around the picnic spots of Hilly region in the Swat Valley Pakistan
items: Missiles and Microbes: How the Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid Synergy Mirrors a Coordinated Iranian–Hezbollah Strike
items: Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of MicroRNA: A Transformative Approach for Therapeutic Intervention
items: Bacteriophage Therapy as a Novel Strategy Against Antimicrobial Resistance in China: A Comprehensive Review
items: The Messenger RNA (mRNA) Revolution: From Fundamental Biology to Therapeutic Applications and Future Horizons
items: The Epidemiological Nexus: Age, Geography, and Infectious Disease in Egyptian Cattle
items: The Multikingdom Microbiome: Composition, Communication, and Collective Impact
items: microRNA (miRNA) Therapeutics: From Gene Regulation to Clinical Applications and Future Directions
items: The Shape-Shifting Scourge: A Century of H1N1 Influenza - From Pandemic Terror to Persistent Threat
items: Rewriting the Code of Life in Community: CRISPR Interference and Activation as Precision Tools for Microbiome Engineering
items: The Microbial Climate Engine: Quantitative Analysis of Methane Fluxes, Carbon Sequestration, and Tipping Points in the Anthropocene
items: Clostridial Toxins: From Molecular Sabotage to Therapeutic Salvation
items: Post-Parturition Umbilical Cord Bacterial Infections (Omphalitis): Etiology, Management, and Global Health
items: Recombinant Nanobiotechnology for Swallowable Insulin: Innovations in Noninvasive Diabetes Therapy
items: PCR Optimization Prior to Genetic Diversity Assessment of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes Using Inter-Primer Binding Site (IPBS) Markers
items: Improving probiotic preservation through phycocyanin enriched skim milk as a protective drying medium
items: Rice Straw Availability and Post-harvest Management Practices of Rice Farmers in Isabela, Philippines
items: Glucose-Responsive Swallowable Insulin: A Novel Paradigm in Diabetes Management
items: A Looming Catastrophe: A Comprehensive Review of Post-Amputation Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Limb Salvage in the Gaza Crisis
items: A Perfect Storm: The Escalating Crisis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Surgical Wounds in Gaza
items: The Unique Challenge: Why Microbes Struggle to Develop Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides
items: The Cure That Harms: How Bad Medication for Chronic Illness Fuels a Silent Epidemic of Superbugs
items: Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Xenorhabdus spp.: Untapped Troves of Novel Therapeutics
items: A Comprehensive Review of the Complement System: Molecular Mechanisms, Regulatory Networks, and Therapeutic Applications
items: A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms, Applications, and Clinical Translation
items: A Comprehensive Review of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Modern Treatment Advances
items: Respiratory Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions

Polymer Nanoparticles and Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driving the urgent need for more effective and less toxic therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticle‑based platforms have emerged as transformative tools in oncology, offering solutions to the limitations of conventional therapies such as systemic toxicity, poor bioavailability, and drug resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of two prominent classes of nanocarriers—polymer‑based nanoparticles (PNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)—in cancer therapy, with a strong focus on their applied uses and clinical translation. PNPs offer versatile drug delivery platforms with tunable physicochemical properties, high drug‑loading efficiency, and controlled release capabilities; several polymer‑based formulations are already in clinical use. AuNPs contribute unique plasmonic properties, biocompatibility, and multifunctional theranostic potential; they are being evaluated in numerous clinical trials for photothermal therapy, radiosensitization, and imaging. Furthermore, the convergence of these technologies into hybrid polymer‑gold nanosystems enables synergistic therapeutic effects, combining the targeting and delivery advantages of polymers with the diagnostic and phototherapeutic functionalities of gold. This review synthesizes recent advances in synthesis strategies, targeting mechanisms, applied clinical applications, and translational challenges, providing a framework for future research directions in precision nano‑oncology.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: polymer nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: gold nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: targeted drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: theranostics
  topic: keywords
subject: photothermal therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical translation
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid nanosystems
  topic: keywords
subject: polymer nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: gold nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: cancer therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: targeted drug delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: theranostics
  topic: subjects
subject: photothermal therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: clinical translation
  topic: subjects
subject: hybrid nanosystems
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
creator: Sohier F. Syame
creator: Abeer Abd Elhadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abouelhag H. A., Sohier F. Syame, Abeer Abd Elhadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 11
ending page: 19
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.03.113

From Garden to Paralysis: A One Health Educational Note on Foodborne Botulism with Insights from Animal and Environmental Links
type: item
description: Educational Note Summary Purpose: This educational note presents a hypothetical case of foodborne botulism to illustrate the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of this rare but life-threatening neuroparalytic illness. The case is expanded with a One Health perspective, exploring botulism in animals and the links between animal‑source foods and human disease. The goal is to provide a teaching tool for medical, veterinary, and public health trainees. Key Learning Points: Recognize the classic triad of afebrile, descending flaccid paralysis with bulbar symptoms and a history of consuming home‑preserved or animal‑derived foods. Understand the pathophysiology of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction. Apply timely diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, including antitoxin administration and respiratory support. Appreciate the One Health dimensions: botulism in livestock, wildlife, and the potential for transmission through animal‑source foods. Identify prevention strategies spanning safe home canning, animal feed management, slaughter inspection, and intersectoral surveillance.
subject: Educational Notes
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Clostridium botulinum
  topic: keywords
subject: botulism
  topic: keywords
subject: foodborne botulism
  topic: keywords
subject: flaccid paralysis
  topic: keywords
subject: botulinum antitoxin
  topic: keywords
subject: neurotoxin
  topic: keywords
subject: One Health
  topic: keywords
subject: animal botulism
  topic: keywords
subject: zoonotic potential
  topic: keywords
subject: food safety
  topic: keywords
subject: home canning
  topic: keywords
subject: public health surveillance
  topic: keywords
subject: Guillain‑Barré syndrome
  topic: keywords
subject: myasthenia gravis
  topic: keywords
subject: descending paralysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Clostridium botulinum
  topic: subjects
subject: botulism
  topic: subjects
subject: foodborne botulism
  topic: subjects
subject: flaccid paralysis
  topic: subjects
subject: botulinum antitoxin
  topic: subjects
subject: neurotoxin
  topic: subjects
subject: One Health
  topic: subjects
subject: animal botulism
  topic: subjects
subject: zoonotic potential
  topic: subjects
subject: food safety
  topic: subjects
subject: home canning
  topic: subjects
subject: public health surveillance
  topic: subjects
subject: Guillain Barré syndrome
  topic: subjects
subject: myasthenia gravis
  topic: subjects
subject: descending paralysis
  topic: subjects
creator: Sohier Syame
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sohier F. Syame, Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 10
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.03.112

Polymers as Immobilizing Matrices for Enhanced Antimicrobial Production in Biofermentors: A Critical Review
type: item
description: The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands innovative production platforms for both existing and novel antimicrobial compounds. Biofermentors are central to the industrial manufacturing of these agents, yet conventional free‑cell fermentation suffers from inherent limitations such as low volumetric productivity, product inhibition, cell washout in continuous processes, and high downstream processing costs. Cell immobilization using polymer matrices has emerged as a powerful strategy to overcome these bottlenecks by retaining high cell densities, enabling continuous operation, and simplifying product recovery. This review critically examines the role of natural, synthetic, and composite polymers as immobilizing agents in biofermentors for antimicrobial production. The fundamental mechanisms of immobilization—entrapment, adsorption, covalent binding, encapsulation, and biofilm formation—are discussed alongside key polymer selection criteria. Recent applied uses are highlighted, including continuous nisin production with Lactococcus lactis immobilized in alginate‑polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite beads, penicillin V production using Penicillium chrysogenum biofilms on polyurethane foam, and recyclable magnetic alginate microspheres for actinorhodin production. Challenges such as mass‑transfer limitations, polymer stability, and scale‑up difficulties are critically analyzed. Future perspectives emphasize stimuli‑responsive polymers, 3D‑printed scaffolds, and computational modeling to enable next‑generation immobilized fermentation platforms. By integrating polymer science with bioreactor engineering, immobilized cell technology offers a sustainable path toward more efficient antimicrobial manufacturing.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Antimicrobial production
  topic: keywords
subject: biofermentors
  topic: keywords
subject: cell immobilization
  topic: keywords
subject: polymer matrices
  topic: keywords
subject: alginate
  topic: keywords
subject: polyvinyl alcohol
  topic: keywords
subject: chitosan
  topic: keywords
subject: biopolymers
  topic: keywords
subject: continuous fermentation
  topic: keywords
subject: bacteriocins
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotics
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: bioreactor design
  topic: keywords
subject: immobilized cell technology
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial production
  topic: subjects
subject: biofermentors
  topic: subjects
subject: cell immobilization
  topic: subjects
subject: polymer matrices
  topic: subjects
subject: alginate
  topic: subjects
subject: polyvinyl alcohol
  topic: subjects
subject: chitosan
  topic: subjects
subject: biopolymers
  topic: subjects
subject: continuous fermentation
  topic: subjects
subject: bacteriocins
  topic: subjects
subject: antibiotics
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: bioreactor design
  topic: subjects
subject: immobilized cell technology
  topic: subjects
creator: Abeer Abd Elhadi
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abeer Abd Elhadi, Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 20
ending page: 25
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.03.111

Impact of plastic pollution on fresh water biota of water streams around the picnic spots of Hilly region in the Swat Valley Pakistan
type: item
description: The presence of Blue water Ecosystem in the upper region of Swat has a diverse biomass of different species at different tropic levels. Among species involved in the food chain of these freshwater systems are Navicula subtilissima, Zygnema Cruciatum (Producer), Lathocerus americanus and other aquatic insects (Primary Consumer) of low temperature and Schizothorax plagiostomus (Secondary consumer). There is a drastic imbalance and disturbance in their communities due to water pollution. Plastic bottles are on top among the pollutants which are thrown by visitors especially at the picnic spots around these water bodies. Fish species have been observed to emigrate from the picnic spots towards deep, speedy and clean habitats in these aquatic ecosystems. Decomposition rate of these bottles is negligible and hence affecting aquatic fauna and flora Food in a very negative manner. Count of heavy metals in neutral and pure water remains below 0%. Due to such pollution this figure recorded in winter 2019-2020 was 13 % with an increasing trend. Regulatory authorities must pay attention to this issue on priority base and initiate remedial as well as preventive measures for the water of uphill beautiful streams and lakes.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Plastic Bottles
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Swat Valley
  topic: keywords
subject: Freshwater Ecosystem
  topic: keywords
subject: Plastic Bottles
  topic: subjects
subject: Pollution
  topic: subjects
subject: Swat Valley
  topic: subjects
subject: Freshwater Ecosystem
  topic: subjects
creator: Murad Khan
creator: Wisal Muhammad khan
creator: Shujaul Mulk Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Murad Khan, Wisal Muhammad khan, Shujaul Mulk Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 35
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.03.110

Missiles and Microbes: How the Amoxicillin–Clavulanic Acid Synergy Mirrors a Coordinated Iranian–Hezbollah Strike
type: item
description: The principles governing biological systems often mirror those observed in human geopolitics, strategy, and warfare. This review examines the synergistic action of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid against Gram‑negative bacteria as a paradigmatic example of such mirroring. Here, biology presents a smaller‑scale diagram of a larger‑world strategic concept: a combined‑arms offensive where one component neutralizes enemy defenses, enabling a second component to deliver the decisive strike with enhanced efficiency. Amoxicillin acts as the primary ordnance, while clavulanic acid functions as a counter‑defense system—analogous to a coordinated missile strike involving Iranian precision‑guided munitions and Hezbollah electronic warfare assets. Crucially, this synergy achieves bactericidal outcomes at lower individual concentrations, in shorter time, and at reduced overall cost—mirroring real‑world military efficiency where coordinated assets minimize expenditure and maximize speed. This article is designed as an illustrative learning tool, demonstrating that complex microbiological interactions can be understood through parallels with real‑world events, and that the logic of overcoming resistance is universal, whether in a bacterial cell or on a broader strategic stage.
subject: Educational Notes
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Amoxicillin
  topic: keywords
subject: Clavulanic Acid
  topic: keywords
subject: Beta‑Lactamase Inhibitors
  topic: keywords
subject: Gram‑Negative Bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Cost‑Effectiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Analogy
  topic: keywords
subject: Microcosm
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical Illustration
  topic: keywords
subject: Amoxicillin
  topic: subjects
subject: Clavulanic Acid
  topic: subjects
subject: Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
  topic: subjects
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: Gram Negative Bacteria
  topic: subjects
subject: Cost Effectiveness
  topic: subjects
subject: Geopolitical Analogy
  topic: subjects
subject: Microcosm
  topic: subjects
subject: Pedagogical Illustration
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.03.109

Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of MicroRNA: A Transformative Approach for Therapeutic Intervention
type: item
description: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a pivotal role in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Their dysregulation is implicated in a myriad of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions, making them attractive therapeutic targets or agents. However, the clinical translation of miRNA-based therapies faces significant hurdles, primarily due to poor stability, off-target effects, and inefficient cellular delivery. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a powerful platform to overcome these barriers. This review comprehensively examines the current landscape of nanocarriers—including lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanoparticles—for the safe and effective delivery of miRNA. We discuss the rational design of NPs for enhanced targeting, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape. Furthermore, we highlight recent preclinical and clinical advances in miRNA-nanoparticle therapeutics for oncology, cardiovascular diseases, and other pathologies. Finally, we address the ongoing challenges, biocompatibility concerns, regulatory landscape, and future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing innovations from the last five years.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: MicroRNA delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: nanomedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: polymeric nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: gene therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: targeted delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: non-viral vectors
  topic: keywords
subject: Theranostics
  topic: keywords
subject: clinical translation
  topic: keywords
subject: MicroRNA delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: nano-medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: lipid nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: polymeric nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: gene therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: targeted delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: non-viral vectors
  topic: subjects
subject: theranostics
  topic: subjects
subject: clinical translation
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.02.108

Bacteriophage Therapy as a Novel Strategy Against Antimicrobial Resistance in China: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: The rapid escalation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a critical threat to global public health, rendering first-line antibiotics ineffective and jeopardizing modern medical practices. In China, the high burden of bacterial infections coupled with significant antibiotic misuse has created a pressing need for alternative therapeutic agents. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy, which utilizes viruses to specifically infect and lyse pathogenic bacteria, has re-emerged as a promising complementary or alternative approach to traditional antibiotics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of phage therapy research, development, and application within China. We outline the fundamental biology of phages and their mechanisms of action against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. The review systematically examines China's AMR landscape, the historical and contemporary efforts in phage discovery and biobank construction, and the progress in preclinical and clinical applications. We highlight significant case studies, including compassionate use and clinical trials for infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we discuss the unique regulatory challenges, manufacturing hurdles, and scientific obstacles (e.g., phage resistance, narrow host range) that must be addressed. Finally, we explore future directions, including the engineering of phage cocktails and lysins, synergy with antibiotics, and the integration of phage therapy into China's national action plan on AMR. The synthesis of evidence indicates that while phage therapy is still in a developmental phase in China, it holds immense potential as a precise, adaptable tool in the ongoing battle against AMR, warranting accelerated investment and structured translational research.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacteriophage Therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
  topic: keywords
subject: Phage Cocktails
  topic: keywords
subject: Personalized Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Alternative Therapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Trials
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
  topic: subjects
subject: Bacteriophage Therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: China
  topic: subjects
subject: Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
  topic: subjects
subject: Phage Cocktails
  topic: subjects
subject: Personalized Medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: Alternative Therapeutics
  topic: subjects
subject: Clinical Trials
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 10
ending page: 15
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.02.107

The Messenger RNA (mRNA) Revolution: From Fundamental Biology to Therapeutic Applications and Future Horizons
type: item
description: Messenger RNA (mRNA) has evolved from a fundamental biological intermediary to a versatile platform for therapeutic and prophylactic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the mRNA field, beginning with the essential biology of natural mRNA processing and regulation. We detail the key engineering breakthroughs that transformed synthetic mRNA into a viable drug modality, including nucleoside modifications and sequence optimization to enhance stability and translational efficiency while modulating immunogenicity (Karikó, Buckstein, Ni, & Weissman, 2005; Pardi, Hogan, Porter, & Weissman, 2018). A critical discussion of delivery technologies, with a focus on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), explains how these carriers enable in vivoapplication (Hou, Zaks, Langer, & Dong, 2021). The review then surveys the expansive therapeutic landscape, from the paradigm-shifting success of COVID-19 vaccines (Polack et al., 2020) to applications in protein replacement therapy, cancer immunotherapy, and gene editing. Finally, we examine persistent challenges—including delivery refinement, durability of response, and scaling manufacturing and envision future directions such as circular RNA, personalized neoantigen vaccines, and programmable protein therapeutics. The convergence of mRNA biology, chemistry, and delivery science heralds a new era in medicine with the potential to address a vast array of human diseases.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: mRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: synthetic mRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: mRNA therapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: vaccinology
  topic: keywords
subject: in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: epitranscriptomics
  topic: keywords
subject: RNA delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: personalized medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: mRNA
  topic: subjects
subject: synthetic mRNA
  topic: subjects
subject: mRNA therapeutics
  topic: subjects
subject: lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)
  topic: subjects
subject: vaccinology
  topic: subjects
subject: in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA
  topic: subjects
subject: epitranscriptomics
  topic: subjects
subject: RNA delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: personalized medicine
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.01.106

The Epidemiological Nexus: Age, Geography, and Infectious Disease in Egyptian Cattle
type: item
description: Infectious diseases impose a severe constraint on cattle productivity, food security, and the national economy in Egypt. The susceptibility to, and manifestation of, these diseases are profoundly influenced by the age of the host animal, a factor often overlooked in broad control strategies. This review systematically synthesizes the scientific literature on Egypt's major bovine infectious diseases to elucidate the critical correlation between host age and disease epidemiology and to map the associated geographical distribution patterns. Our analysis reveals distinct age-specific syndromes: neonates (0-1 month) are dominated by enteric pathogens like E. coli and Cryptosporidium; growing calves (1-12 months) are most susceptible to severe outcomes from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistence; while adult cattle are most impacted by production diseases such as brucellosis, mastitis, and chronic fascioliasis. Geographically, the Nile Delta is identified as a multifactorial hotspot due to high animal density, intensive farming, and irrigation networks, whereas Upper Egypt and newly reclaimed areas exhibit distinct outbreak dynamics. The movement of specific age cohorts, such as pregnant heifers and weaned calves, is a key driver of disease spread. This synthesis underscores the imperative for a dual-targeting control strategy: implementing age-specific interventions within defined geographical risk zones. We conclude with evidence-based recommendations for age-stratified surveillance, vaccination, and management practices tailored to Egypt's diverse farming systems to enhance disease control and livestock productivity.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Cattle diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt
  topic: keywords
subject: age susceptibility
  topic: keywords
subject: geographical distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemiology
  topic: keywords
subject: FMD
  topic: keywords
subject: brucellosis
  topic: keywords
subject: BVD
  topic: keywords
subject: Cattle diseases
  topic: subjects
subject: Egypt
  topic: subjects
subject: age susceptibility
  topic: subjects
subject: graphical distribution
  topic: subjects
subject: epidemiology
  topic: subjects
subject: FMD
  topic: subjects
subject: brucellosis
  topic: subjects
subject: BVD
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 12
ending page: 17
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.01.105

The Multikingdom Microbiome: Composition, Communication, and Collective Impact
type: item
description: The concept of a "microbiome" has evolved from a census of bacteria to a holistic framework encompassing the complex community of Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses, their collective genomes, and their dynamic interactions within an environmental niche. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the composition and function of multikingdom microbiomes. We begin by defining the modern microbiome, detailing the distinct roles of its cellular constituents from the Three Domains of life. We then explore the critical regulatory influence of the virome, focusing on bacteriophages. The review further examines the sophisticated chemical communication networks, such as quorum sensing, that enable microbial communities to coordinate behavior. Finally, we address the "biomass paradox"—how these minuscule organisms, through their immense collective genetic potential and integrated activity, exert macroscopic influences on host physiology and global biogeochemical cycles. Understanding this intricate ecosystem is fundamental to advancing fields from medicine to environmental science.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: microbiota
  topic: keywords
subject: virome
  topic: keywords
subject: archaea
  topic: keywords
subject: quorum sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: bacteriophage
  topic: keywords
subject: host-microbe interactions
  topic: keywords
subject: microbial ecology
  topic: keywords
subject: microbiome
  topic: subjects
subject: microbiota
  topic: subjects
subject: virome
  topic: subjects
subject: archaea
  topic: subjects
subject: quorum sensing
  topic: subjects
subject: bacteriophage
  topic: subjects
subject: host-microbe interactions
  topic: subjects
subject: microbial ecology
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2023-12-30
publication date: 2023-12-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 5
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.01.02.104

microRNA (miRNA) Therapeutics: From Gene Regulation to Clinical Applications and Future Directions
type: item
description: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs that function as critical post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, influencing virtually every cellular process. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the miRNA therapeutics field, beginning with the fundamental biology of miRNA biogenesis and their mechanisms of action in gene silencing. We detail the two primary therapeutic strategies: miRNA inhibition using antisense oligonucleotides (antagomirs) and miRNA replacement using synthetic miRNA mimics. The review critically examines the significant delivery challenges and evaluates current delivery platforms including lipid nanoparticles and GalNAc conjugates (van Rooij & Kauppinen, 2014; Rupaimoole & Slack, 2017). We survey the expanding therapeutic landscape in human medicine, focusing on oncology, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases (Hanna, Hossain, & Kocerha, 2019). A dedicated section explores the burgeoning field of miRNA applications in veterinary medicine, particularly in cattle and water buffalo, where miRNAs offer revolutionary tools for enhancing production traits (milk yield, meat quality), improving reproductive efficiency, and combating endemic diseases like mastitis and foot-and-mouth disease (Miretti et al., 2013; Ioannidis & Donadeu, 2016). Finally, we discuss challenges in specificity and delivery, while outlining future directions including species-specific design, combination therapies, and the integration of miRNA therapeutics into precision livestock farming. The dual progress in human and veterinary applications underscores miRNAs' potential as transformative therapeutic agents across species.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: microRNA
  topic: keywords
subject: miRNA therapeutics
  topic: keywords
subject: antagomir
  topic: keywords
subject: miRNA mimic
  topic: keywords
subject: veterinary medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: livestock
  topic: keywords
subject: cattle
  topic: keywords
subject: water buffalo
  topic: keywords
subject: reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: mastitis
  topic: keywords
subject: gene regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: microRNA
  topic: subjects
subject: miRNA therapeutics
  topic: subjects
subject: antagomir
  topic: subjects
subject: miRNA mimic
  topic: subjects
subject: veterinary medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: livestock
  topic: subjects
subject: cattle
  topic: subjects
subject: water buffalo
  topic: subjects
subject: reproduction
  topic: subjects
subject: mastitis
  topic: subjects
subject: gene regulation
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-26
publication date: 2026-01-26
starting page: 6
ending page: 18
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.01.02.103

The Shape-Shifting Scourge: A Century of H1N1 Influenza - From Pandemic Terror to Persistent Threat
type: item
description: Influenza A(H1N1) represents a paradigm of viral adaptability and persistent pandemic threat, having shaped public health responses and scientific understanding for over a century. This comprehensive interdisciplinary review synthesizes virological, epidemiological, clinical, and socio-political perspectives on H1N1, from the 1918 "Spanish Flu" pandemic to the contemporary circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09 as a seasonal pathogen. We examine the molecular mechanisms underpinning H1N1's evolutionary success, including its segmented genome facilitating antigenic shift and drift, and its sophisticated repertoire of accessory proteins that modulate host immunity. The review provides novel analyses of major pandemics, re-evaluating the 1918 pandemic through modern genomic archaeology and detailing the complex, decade-long evolutionary pathway that culminated in the 2009 pandemic strain. A significant focus is dedicated to case studies of national responses, with an in-depth examination of Egypt's controversial 2009 intervention—the mass culling of pigs—analyzed through the intersecting lenses of epidemiology, economics, social justice, and cultural politics. The review incorporates the latest scientific advances (2020-2024), including insights from the COVID-19 era on viral co-circulation, immunity debt, and mRNA vaccine platforms. We assess current vaccine effectiveness, antiviral resistance patterns, and the promising development of universal influenza vaccines. Furthermore, the review critically addresses persistent challenges in global health equity, preparedness governance, and the implementation of a truly integrated "One Health" approach. By integrating 100 contemporary references, this work argues that H1N1 is not merely a seasonal nuisance but a persistent biosocial phenomenon that reveals the intricate connections between viral evolution, animal reservoirs, human societies, and public health infrastructure. The review concludes that future mitigation requires sustaine…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: H1N1
  topic: keywords
subject: influenza A
  topic: keywords
subject: pandemic influenza
  topic: keywords
subject: swine flu
  topic: keywords
subject: viral evolution
  topic: keywords
subject: zoonosis
  topic: keywords
subject: public health response
  topic: keywords
subject: vaccine development
  topic: keywords
subject: One Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Egypt case study
  topic: keywords
subject: antiviral resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: global health equity
  topic: keywords
subject: H1N1
  topic: subjects
subject: influenza A
  topic: subjects
subject: pandemic influenza
  topic: subjects
subject: swine flu
  topic: subjects
subject: viral evolution
  topic: subjects
subject: zoonosis
  topic: subjects
subject: public health response
  topic: subjects
subject: vaccine development
  topic: subjects
subject: One Health
  topic: subjects
subject: Egypt case study
  topic: subjects
subject: antiviral resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: global health equity
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abouelhag H.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-01-30
publication date: 2026-01-30
starting page: 18
ending page: 35
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.04.01.102

Rewriting the Code of Life in Community: CRISPR Interference and Activation as Precision Tools for Microbiome Engineering
type: item
description: The human microbiome, a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms, is intricately linked to host health and disease. Traditional methods for manipulating these communities—such as antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplants—lack precision and can cause broad, often irreversible, ecological disturbances. The advent of CRISPR-Cas-derived technologies, specifically CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa), offers a paradigm shift. These tools allow for targeted, tunable, and reversible transcriptional modulation without altering the underlying genomic DNA. This review comprehensively examines the development and application of CRISPRi/a for microbiome engineering. We detail the mechanistic principles of catalytically “dead” Cas9 (dCas9) fused to repressor (KRAB) or activator (VP64, p65AD) domains for programmable gene knockdown and upregulation. Their application highlights unique advantages for microbiome manipulation: reversibility, multiplexibility, and species- or strain-specific targeting within consortia. We explore applications including (1) deciphering microbial gene function in situ, (2) engineering probiotic and live biotherapeutic products for enhanced therapeutic delivery, (3) modulating community-wide metabolic pathways to produce valuable compounds or degrade pollutants, and (4) precisely correcting dysbiosis associated with diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and cancer. We critically discuss the significant challenges facing clinical translation, including delivery systems (e.g., phage, conjugative plasmids), ecological stability, off-target effects, and ethical considerations. Finally, we outline future perspectives, emphasizing the integration of CRISPRi/a with multi-omics, machine learning for guide RNA design, and the development of novel Cas variants with improved specificity. Together, CRISPRi and CRISPRa represent a powerful and versatile frontier in synthetic biology, enabling t…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Microbiome Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: CRISPR Interference (CRISPRi)
  topic: keywords
subject: CRISPR Activation (CRISPRa)
  topic: keywords
subject: Synthetic Biology
  topic: keywords
subject: Gene Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial Consortia
  topic: keywords
subject: Dysbiosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Microbiomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Metabolic Engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Precision Medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbiome Engineering
  topic: subjects
subject: CRISPR Interference (CRISPRi)
  topic: subjects
subject: CRISPR Activation (CRISPRa)
  topic: subjects
subject: Synthetic Biology
  topic: subjects
subject: Gene Regulation
  topic: subjects
subject: Microbial Consortia
  topic: subjects
subject: Dysbiosis
  topic: subjects
subject: Therapeutic Microbiomes
  topic: subjects
subject: Metabolic Engineering
  topic: subjects
subject: Precision Medicine
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 47
ending page: 55
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.012.101

The Microbial Climate Engine: Quantitative Analysis of Methane Fluxes, Carbon Sequestration, and Tipping Points in the Anthropocene
type: item
description: Microorganisms govern Earth's most critical biogeochemical cycles, yet their quantitative contributions to climate change remain inadequately represented in predictive models. This comprehensive review synthesizes data from over 100 meta-analyses, global inventories, and experimental studies to establish statistically robust estimates of microbial climate forcing. We calculate that microbial methanogenesis contributes 292 (284–308) Tg CH₄ yr⁻¹, representing 74% of total global emissions, with wetlands (145 ± 30 Tg CH₄ yr⁻¹) and agriculture (142 [115–175] Tg CH₄ yr⁻¹) as dominant sources. Concurrently, microbial carbon stabilization processes sequester 1.6–2.3 Pg C yr⁻¹ in terrestrial systems, with microbial necromass constituting >50% of stable soil organic carbon pools. However, meta-analysis of 49 warming studies reveals a critical imbalance: soil heterotrophic respiration (Q₁₀ = 2.4 ± 0.1) increases more rapidly than primary production, potentially converting global soils from a net sink to a source by 2050. Permafrost thaw represents an irreversible tipping point, with projected releases of 85–350 Pg C by 2100 mediated almost entirely by microbial activation. We demonstrate that incorporating mechanistic microbial modules into Earth System Models reduces projection uncertainty by 30–50% for key carbon cycle feedbacks. The review concludes that targeted microbial management—including precision agriculture, wetland restoration, and methanogen inhibition—represents a viable pathway to mitigate 0.5–2.0 Gt CO₂-eq yr⁻¹, but requires urgent policy integration and investment in microbial observatory networks.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Microbial Biogeochemistry
  topic: keywords
subject: Methane Budget
  topic: keywords
subject: Carbon Sequestration
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Feedbacks
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Earth System Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Quantitative Microbiology
  topic: keywords
subject: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
  topic: keywords
subject: Tipping Points
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial Carbon Pump
  topic: keywords
subject: Microbial Biogeochemistry
  topic: subjects
subject: Methane Budget
  topic: subjects
subject: Carbon Sequestration
  topic: subjects
subject: Climate Feedbacks
  topic: subjects
subject: Meta-analysis
  topic: subjects
subject: Earth System Models
  topic: subjects
subject: Quantitative Microbiology
  topic: subjects
subject: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes
  topic: subjects
subject: Tipping Points
  topic: subjects
subject: Microbial Carbon Pump
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 29
ending page: 46
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.012.100

Clostridial Toxins: From Molecular Sabotage to Therapeutic Salvation
type: item
description: Clostridial toxins represent some of the most potent biological poisons known to humanity, responsible for diseases ranging from the spastic paralysis of tetanus to the life-threatening diarrhea of Clostridioides difficile infection. These sophisticated protein exotoxins function with exquisite specificity, targeting core components of eukaryotic cell machinery such as the SNARE complex and Rho GTPases. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure-function relationships, molecular mechanisms, and pathogenesis of the major clostridial toxins, including botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins, the large clostridial toxins of C. difficile, and key toxins from Clostridium perfringens. Furthermore, we explore the remarkable therapeutic pivot of these toxins, detailing their successful application in treating a wide array of medical conditions and their potential in novel biotechnological platforms. Finally, we discuss emerging research directions, including the development of next-generation antitoxins, vaccines, and the engineering of toxin-based delivery systems.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Clostridial Toxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Botulinum Neurotoxin
  topic: keywords
subject: Tetanus Neurotoxin
  topic: keywords
subject: Clostridioides difficile Toxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial Toxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Neurotoxins
  topic: keywords
subject: Bacterial Toxins
  topic: subjects
subject: Botulinum Neurotoxin
  topic: subjects
subject: Clostridial Toxins
  topic: subjects
subject: Clostridioides difficile Toxins
  topic: subjects
subject: Large Clostridial Toxins
  topic: subjects
subject: Neurotoxins
  topic: subjects
subject: Tetanus Neurotoxin
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.011.99

Post-Parturition Umbilical Cord Bacterial Infections (Omphalitis): Etiology, Management, and Global Health
type: item
description: Omphalitis, a bacterial infection of the umbilical stump and surrounding periumbilical tissues, represents a significant cause of preventable neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. While its incidence is low in high-income countries due to standardized hygienic practices, it remains a formidable clinical challenge in vulnerable populations globally. This infection typically presents within the first two weeks of life, with a spectrum ranging from mild cellulitis to a life-threatening systemic illness. The pathophysiology involves bacterial invasion through the necrotic cord stump, with the unique patency of the umbilical vessels facilitating rapid progression to severe complications such as necrotizing fasciitis, umbilical vein thrombophlebitis, portal vein thrombosis, and sepsis. The bacteriology is often polymicrobial, predominantly featuring Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes, and Gram-negative organisms like Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Risk factors are multifactorial, including low birth weight, unhygienic cord care practices, and application of harmful traditional substances. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by laboratory investigations (inflammatory markers, blood cultures) and imaging, notably ultrasonography, to detect deep tissue involvement. Management necessitates a prompt, aggressive approach with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, with surgical intervention required for complications like abscess formation or necrotizing fasciitis. Crucially, prevention is the cornerstone of reducing the disease burden, with "dry cord care" recommended in hygienic settings and topical application of chlorhexidine to the umbilical stump proven to significantly reduce incidence and mortality in high-risk environments. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management, and preventative strategies for omphalit…
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Omphalitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal Infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Umbilical Cord Care
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal Sepsis
  topic: keywords
subject: Chlorhexidine
  topic: keywords
subject: Necrotizing Fasciitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Umbilical Vein Thrombophlebitis
  topic: keywords
subject: Neonatal Mortality
  topic: keywords
subject: Postpartum Complications
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Omphalitis
  topic: subjects
subject: Neonatal Infection
  topic: subjects
subject: Umbilical Cord Care
  topic: subjects
subject: Neonatal Sepsis
  topic: subjects
subject: Chlorhexidine
  topic: subjects
subject: Necrotizing Fasciitis
  topic: subjects
subject: Umbilical Vein Thrombophlebitis
  topic: subjects
subject: Neonatal Mortality
  topic: subjects
subject: Postpartum Complications
  topic: subjects
subject: Public Health
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussien Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 7
ending page: 14
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.011.98

Recombinant Nanobiotechnology for Swallowable Insulin: Innovations in Noninvasive Diabetes Therapy
type: item
description: The global burden of diabetes mellitus continues to rise, creating an urgent demand for innovative and patient-friendly insulin delivery systems that improve long-term metabolic control. Although conventional injectable insulin remains the therapeutic cornerstone, its invasive administration leads to discomfort, inconvenience, and poor adherence, particularly among individuals requiring lifelong therapy. Recent advances in recombinant peptide engineering and nanobiotechnology are revolutionizing diabetes treatment by introducing swallowable insulin formulations that replicate physiological insulin secretion with greater precision and convenience. Recombinant insulin analogs are now stabilized through nanoencapsulation within biocompatible and pH-responsive polymers, as well as mucoadhesive matrices that protect them from gastric and enzymatic degradation. These nanoformulations facilitate targeted intestinal absorption by interacting with mucosal receptors, thereby enhancing permeability and bioavailability. Furthermore, glucose-responsive systems that incorporate enzyme-linked polymers, boronic acid chemistry, or redox-sensitive vesicles enable dynamic insulin release proportional to blood-glucose levels, minimizing both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes. At the molecular level, optimizing the sequences of recombinant insulin has made it more stable when it folds, more resistant to proteolysis, and faster at binding to receptors. The integration of these engineered peptides with multifunctional nanocarriers has resulted in intelligent oral delivery platforms capable of synchronized insulin release in response to physiological cues. Such convergence of molecular biology, nanomaterials science, and biomedical engineering represents a decisive step toward achieving noninvasive and patient-centered diabetes management. Continuous refinement in nanocarrier biocompatibility, peptide stabilization, and translational scalability will be pivotal in transforming recomb…
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: recombinant insulin
  topic: keywords
subject: nanobiotechnology
  topic: keywords
subject: oral peptide therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: mucoadhesive nano-carriers
  topic: keywords
subject: glucose-responsive delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular bioengineering
  topic: keywords
subject: noninvasive diabetes therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: noninvasive diabetes therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: recombinant insulin
  topic: subjects
subject: nano biotechnology
  topic: subjects
subject: oral peptide therapy
  topic: subjects
subject: mucoadhesive nano-carriers
  topic: subjects
subject: glucose-responsive delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: molecular bioengineering
  topic: subjects
creator: Rehan Naqvi
creator: Zameer Ahmed
creator: Sambreen Zameer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rehan H. Naqvi, Zameer Ahmed, Sambreen Zameer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 15
ending page: 19
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.011.90

PCR Optimization Prior to Genetic Diversity Assessment of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes Using Inter-Primer Binding Site (IPBS) Markers
type: item
description: This study aimed to accurately and reliably determine the genetic diversity among sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes, which is an important oil crop. To achieve this, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) conditions based on Inter-Primer Binding Site (IPBS) molecular markers were optimized to reveal genetic variation, which forms the basis of plant breeding programs. For the methodology, DNA was isolated from fresh sesame leaves grown under controlled conditions using the CTAB method and analyzed from 50 local sesame lines. Since PCR success is directly dependent on the specificity of the primers and reaction parameters like temperature, the gradient temperature PCR method was applied using 22 different iPBS primers to determine the optimal annealing temperatures. According to the findings, 20 out of the 22 primers successfully generated polymorphic bands, revealing genetic diversity. Determining the optimal PCR conditions was critical for identifying the binding temperature at which iPBS primers exhibited the highest polymorphism. For example, Primer 2277 showed high amplification and activity at 47.6 and 50.9°C, while Primer 2218 was highly active at 50.9°C. This optimization establishes a precise molecular foundation that will contribute to future sesame breeding programs.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: local sesame lines
  topic: keywords
subject: IPBS
  topic: keywords
subject: optimal annealing temperatures
  topic: keywords
subject: molecular marker
  topic: keywords
subject: MOLECULAR MARKER
  topic: subjects
subject: PCR
  topic: subjects
creator: Seval Eliş
creator: BÜŞRA POLAT
creator: FERHAT KIZILGEÇİ
creator: ARAS TÜRKOĞLU
creator: Mehmet YILDIRIM
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Eliş Seval, POLAT BÜŞRA, KIZILGEÇİ FERHAT, TÜRKOĞLU ARAS, Mehmet YILDIRIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.012.94

Improving probiotic preservation through phycocyanin enriched skim milk as a protective drying medium
type: item
description: The viability and functionality of probiotics are strongly influenced by environmental stressors encountered during processing and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of phycocyanin supplementation and drying in skim milk, followed by vacuum desiccation at 50 °C, on three probiotic strains: Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus casei. Probiotic viability, metabolic activity, and surface properties were monitored over 12 months of storage at room temperature, refrigeration, and freezing, with assessments performed every three months. Results showed that phycocyanin supplementation markedly improved survival, particularly at room temperature, with increases of up to 2 log CFU/g. Drying in skim milk further enhanced stability and promoted biofilm-forming ability. Additionally, phycocyanin positively affected metabolic activity and cell surface interactions. Overall, these findings demonstrate that combining phycocyanin supplementation with vacuum desiccation in skim milk represents an effective approach for enhancing long-term probiotic preservation under diverse storage conditions.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: probiotics ; phycocyanin; skim milk; hydrophobicity; adhesion; viability
  topic: keywords
subject: Probiotics
  topic: subjects
creator: Ibtissem Chakroun
creator: kais Fedhila
creator: Jamel Jebali
creator: Youssef Krichen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ibtissem Chakroun, kais Fedhila, Jamel Jebali, Youssef Krichen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 19
ending page: 28
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.012.92

Rice Straw Availability and Post-harvest Management Practices of Rice Farmers in Isabela, Philippines
type: item
description: The prevalent use of combine harvester challenges rice farmers to efficiently manage rice straw. There is also an extremely low adoption of sustainable rice straw management by rice farmers. Hence, estimation of the total straw biomass and determination of rice straw management practices are necessary. The main objective of this study was to assess the availability of rice straw and postharvest management options of rice farmers. Case study was employed. Data gathered from household surveys and analyzed through descriptive statistics. Analysis revealed that the mean straw biomass ha-1 is 5,219.73 kg. Moreover, type of soil and planting method influenced the generation of higher quantities of rice straw. In addition, sex, household size, rice production training, farm organization, land ownership, machine ownership, road structure, and type of soil showed significant relationship to the postharvest management practices of rice farmers. Lastly, rice farmers predominantly practiced in-situ straw incorporation but only few practiced crop rotation, rice ratooning, straw mushroom production, and surface retention. It has been demonstrated that there is a massive contribution of rice straw biomass in Isabela. This provided data for authorities to carry out plans and initiatives, and for rice farmers to employ appropriate management to optimize the potentials of rice straw for circular economy. The findings suggest that political will, partnership and collaboration, provision of physical infrastructures, and active participation of rice farmers are the key factors to the efficient rice straw management. Through this, rice farmers can strengthen their technical efficiency and can cultivate environmental efficiency.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Climate change mitigation
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: rice straw biomass
  topic: keywords
subject: rice straw management
  topic: keywords
subject: straw grain ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate change mitigation
  topic: subjects
subject: environmental efficiency
  topic: subjects
subject: rice straw biomass
  topic: subjects
subject: rice straw management
  topic: subjects
subject: straw grain ratio
  topic: subjects
creator: Jeffrey Ginez
creator: Marcelino U. Siladan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 JEFFREY GINEZ, Marcelino U. Siladan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-12-28
publication date: 2025-12-28
starting page: 7
ending page: 18
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.012.79

Glucose-Responsive Swallowable Insulin: A Novel Paradigm in Diabetes Management
type: item
description: The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has necessitated the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies that enhance patient compliance and optimize glycemic control. Conventional insulin therapy, though effective, often poses challenges due to invasive administration, fluctuating absorption, and limited patient adherence. The development of a glucose-responsive swallowable insulin system represents a transformative advancement in diabetes care. This approach integrates polymeric nanocarriers and bioengineered peptides that respond dynamically to blood glucose fluctuations, releasing insulin in a controlled and physiological manner. Polymeric micelles, hydrogels, and phenylboronic acid-modified nanocarriers have shown remarkable glucose sensitivity, making them potential candidates for oral formulations. These systems are designed to remain stable in the gastrointestinal environment while releasing insulin upon sensing hyperglycemia. The incorporation of glucose oxidase-based feedback mechanisms further enhances precision by coupling enzymatic sensing with insulin release kinetics. This manuscript critically reviews molecular design strategies, in vitro and in vivo results, and translational challenges in developing glucose-responsive swallowable insulin. Statistical models were applied to evaluate the relationship between glucose concentration and insulin release kinetics, revealing a high degree of correlation (R² > 0.95) between predicted and observed values. The findings underscore the promise of swallowable insulin as a non-invasive, self-regulating, and patient-centered therapeutic alternative. Future studies should emphasize large-scale clinical validation, long-term stability, and integration with digital glucose monitoring platforms to ensure real-world applicability
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Glucose-responsive insulin
  topic: keywords
subject: oral insulin delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: nanocarriers
  topic: keywords
subject: phenylboronic acid
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes management
  topic: keywords
subject: polymeric micelles
  topic: keywords
subject: smart drug delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: smart drug delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: Glucose-responsive insulin
  topic: subjects
subject: oral insulin delivery.
  topic: subjects
subject: nanocarriers
  topic: subjects
subject: phenylboronic acid
  topic: subjects
subject: diabetes management
  topic: subjects
subject: polymeric micelles
  topic: subjects
creator: Rehan Naqvi
creator: Zameer Ahmed
creator: Sambreen Zameer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Naqvi R., Ahmed Z., Zameer S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-11-29
publication date: 2025-11-29
starting page: 20
ending page: 25
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.011.91

A Looming Catastrophe: A Comprehensive Review of Post-Amputation Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Limb Salvage in the Gaza Crisis
type: item
description: The military offensive in Gaza has precipitated a public health crisis of a magnitude and severity rarely witnessed in the 21st century. A defining feature is the epidemic of complex traumatic injuries necessitating a massive number of amputations, estimated to be in the tens of thousands. Performed under a total siege that has decimated the healthcare system, these procedures are fraught with an extreme risk of life-threatening post-amputation infections. This systematic review synthesizes data from humanitarian agencies, frontline medical reports, and public health analyses to delineate the multifactorial etiology of this iatrogenic catastrophe. We expand upon the known drivers non-sterile surgery, antibiotic shortages, and the "torso amputation" phenomenon by incorporating detailed discussions on the emerging crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the specific immunological vulnerabilities of a malnourished population, and the psychological trauma compounding physical recovery. The situation represents a violation of the principles of medical neutrality and has created a cohort of survivors with profound, long-term disability. This review concludes that the infection crisis is a man-made outcome of siege warfare and demands an urgent, coordinated international response focused on unimpeded humanitarian access, medical evacuation, and the establishment of advanced wound care and rehabilitation services to mitigate a legacy of suffering.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Gaza
  topic: keywords
subject: amputation
  topic: keywords
subject: conflict medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: humanitarian crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: antibiotic resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: trauma surgery
  topic: keywords
subject: siege
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
  topic: keywords
subject: malnutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: infection
  topic: keywords
subject: amputation
  topic: subjects
subject: infection
  topic: subjects
subject: Gaza
  topic: subjects
subject: conflict medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: humanitarian crisis
  topic: subjects
subject: antibiotic resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: trauma surgery
  topic: subjects
subject: siege
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
  topic: subjects
subject: malnutrition
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 26
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.010.87

A Perfect Storm: The Escalating Crisis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Surgical Wounds in Gaza
type: item
description: The Gaza conflict has precipitated a catastrophic humanitarian crisis, creating an ideal environment for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review synthesizes evidence from humanitarian reports, medical testimonials, and preliminary data to analyze the multifactorial drivers of AMR in surgical wounds. The collapse of healthcare infrastructure, critical shortages of antibiotics and supplies, the impossibility of infection prevention and control (IPC), and the unique nature of war injuries converge into a perfect storm. With laboratories destroyed and antimicrobial stewardship abandoned, clinicians are forced into empirical, often ineffective antibiotic use, rapidly selecting for resistant pathogens like multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. The consequences are increased morbidity, amputations, and mortality for patients, while posing a severe threat to global health security by creating reservoirs of untreatable infections. This review concludes that the situation in Gaza represents a profound failure of medical ethics and international law, demanding urgent, coordinated intervention to prevent a long-term AMR catastrophe.
subject: Research Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Gaza
  topic: keywords
subject: surgical site infection
  topic: keywords
subject: conflict medicine
  topic: keywords
subject: war wounds
  topic: keywords
subject: global health security
  topic: keywords
subject: infection prevention and control
  topic: keywords
subject: multidrug-resistant organisms
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: Gaza Strip
  topic: subjects
subject: surgical site infection
  topic: subjects
subject: conflict medicine
  topic: subjects
subject: war wounds
  topic: subjects
subject: global health security
  topic: subjects
subject: infection prevention and control,
  topic: subjects
subject: multidrug-resistant organisms
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 13
ending page: 16
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.010.86

The Unique Challenge: Why Microbes Struggle to Develop Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides
type: item
description: The escalating crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens to unravel a century of medical progress. Conventional antibiotics, with their specific, single-target mechanisms, are increasingly rendered ineffective, necessitating the urgent development of novel therapeutic strategies. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), fundamental components of the innate immune system across all kingdoms of life, have emerged as promising candidates. A pivotal advantage of AMPs over traditional antibiotics is the perceived difficulty for microbes to develop robust resistance against them. This review delves into the mechanistic underpinnings of this phenomenon, exploring the unique mode of action of AMPs, the fitness costs associated with resistance mechanisms, and the evolutionary trade-offs that constrain microbial adaptation. While acknowledging that resistance is not impossible, we argue that the inherent properties of AMPs present a significantly higher and more complex barrier for resistance development compared to conventional drugs.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: antimicrobial peptides
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: drug development
  topic: keywords
subject: membrane disruption
  topic: keywords
subject: fitness cost
  topic: keywords
subject: innate immunity
  topic: keywords
subject: host defence peptides
  topic: keywords
subject: evolutionary trade-offs
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: drug development
  topic: subjects
subject: membrane disruption
  topic: subjects
subject: fitness cost
  topic: subjects
subject: innate immunity
  topic: subjects
subject: host defence peptides
  topic: subjects
subject: evolutionary trade-offs
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 12
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.010.85

The Cure That Harms: How Bad Medication for Chronic Illness Fuels a Silent Epidemic of Superbugs
type: item
description: The global rise in chronic diseases represents a significant public health burden. While the primary management of these conditions is paramount, a growing body of evidence highlights a dangerous and often overlooked consequence: the increased risk of secondary bacterial infections. This risk is profoundly exacerbated by the inappropriate medication of the underlying chronic disease. Inappropriate medication includes the misuse of antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, and broad-spectrum therapies that disrupt the microbiome. These pharmacological missteps can lead to immunosuppression, microbial dysbiosis, and the selection of drug-resistant pathogens, creating a fertile ground for secondary infections. This review synthesizes current literature to explore the mechanisms including immunosuppression, microbiome disruption, and antimicrobial resistance by which poor pharmacologic management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease predisposes patients to serious secondary bacterial infections, with a special focus on devastating bone and joint complications. It also discusses the clinical implications, common causative pathogens, and proposes strategies for mitigation, emphasizing antimicrobial stewardship and personalized medicine to break this dangerous cycle.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: secondary bacterial infection
  topic: keywords
subject: Antimicrobial Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: superbugs
  topic: keywords
subject: osteomyelitis
  topic: keywords
subject: immunosuppression
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial stewardship
  topic: keywords
subject: microbiome
  topic: keywords
subject: chronic disease management
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary bacterial infection
  topic: subjects
subject: chronic disease management
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
  topic: subjects
subject: superbugs, osteomyelitis
  topic: subjects
subject: immunosuppression
  topic: subjects
subject: microbiome
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial stewardship
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 6
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.010.84

Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Xenorhabdus spp.: Untapped Troves of Novel Therapeutics
type: item
description: The unending rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to modern medicine. It makes infections that used to be treatable deadly and weakens the basis of surgical and cancer care. The discovery of novel antimicrobial classes with mechanistically distinct action is therefore a critical global health priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising frontier in this endeavor, offering rapid, often non-specific mechanisms that challenge bacterial adaptation. The entomopathogenic bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus have evolved into biochemical powerhouses, producing a staggering array of AMPs to survive within insect hosts while living in an obligate mutualism with Steinernema nematodes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the diverse classes of AMPs derived from Xenorhabdus, categorizing them into non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) like the xenocoumacins and PAX peptides and ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) such as lasso peptides and novel bacteriocins. We delve deeply into their genetic basis, biosynthetic pathways, and multifaceted mechanisms of action, which range from membrane disruption and iron sequestration to intracellular targeting of essential processes. We further synthesize the evidence for their efficacy against multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, fungi, and protozoa, while critically evaluating the challenges of toxicity, stability, and scalable production. Finally, we present a forward-looking perspective on how advanced genomics, synthetic biology, and bioengineering strategies are poised to unlock the full potential of the Xenorhabdus pharmacopoeia, transforming these ecological weapons into a new generation of anti-infective agents.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biomedical Science
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Xenorhabdus
  topic: keywords
subject: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
  topic: keywords
subject: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)
  topic: keywords
subject: RiPPs
  topic: keywords
subject: lasso peptides
  topic: keywords
subject: xenocoumacin
  topic: keywords
subject: drug discovery
  topic: keywords
subject: biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC)
  topic: keywords
subject: Xenorhabdus
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
  topic: subjects
subject: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)
  topic: subjects
subject: RiPPs
  topic: subjects
subject: lasso peptides
  topic: subjects
subject: xenocoumacin
  topic: subjects
subject: drug discovery
  topic: subjects
subject: antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
  topic: subjects
subject: biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC)
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
creator: Ashraf Hakim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag, Ashraf Hakim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 17
ending page: 22
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.010.83

A Comprehensive Review of the Complement System: Molecular Mechanisms, Regulatory Networks, and Therapeutic Applications
type: item
description: The complement system represents a sophisticated immune surveillance network that bridges innate and adaptive immunity through a cascade of proteolytic reactions. Comprising over 50 proteins, this system provides first-line defense against pathogens, clears immune complexes, and maintains tissue homeostasis. However, dysregulated complement activation contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, thrombotic microangiopathies, and inflammatory diseases. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the complement system's molecular architecture, focusing on the intricate mechanisms of its three activation pathways and their convergence on common effector functions. We detail the critical regulatory networks that maintain complement homeostasis and prevent host tissue damage. The review systematically analyzes the pathological consequences of complement dysregulation across various disease states and discusses the revolutionary advances in complement-targeted therapeutics. Finally, we explore emerging research directions and the future landscape of complement-based diagnostics and treatments, providing insights into the evolving understanding of this complex biological system.
subject: Educational Notes
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Complement System
  topic: keywords
subject: Innate Immunity
  topic: keywords
subject: Classical Pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: Alternative Pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: Lectin Pathway
  topic: keywords
subject: Membrane Attack Complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Complement Regulators
  topic: keywords
subject: C3 Convertase
  topic: keywords
subject: Therapeutic Inhibition
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoimmune Diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: Complement System
  topic: subjects
subject: Innate Immunity
  topic: subjects
subject: Classical Pathway
  topic: subjects
subject: Alternative Pathway
  topic: subjects
subject: Lectin Pathway
  topic: subjects
subject: Membrane Attack Complex
  topic: subjects
subject: Complement Regulators
  topic: subjects
subject: C3 Convertase
  topic: subjects
subject: Therapeutic Inhibition
  topic: subjects
subject: Autoimmune Diseases
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussien Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-23
publication date: 2025-09-23
starting page: 32
ending page: 39
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.09.77

A Comprehensive Review of Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms, Applications, and Clinical Translation
type: item
description: Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy among women worldwide, with significant heterogeneity in molecular subtypes and treatment responses. While conventional therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery have improved outcomes, they often suffer from limitations including systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and poor biodistribution. The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapeutics by enabling targeted drug delivery, enhanced imaging, and combinatorial treatment approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanoparticle applications in breast cancer management, with a particular focus on their mechanisms of action, specific applications across different breast cancer subtypes, and the current state of clinical translation. We detail the unique physicochemical properties of various nanoplatforms—including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles—that enable passive and active targeting through the Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect and surface functionalization with targeting ligands. The review expands on the use of nanoparticles for conventional chemotherapeutic delivery, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and theranostic applications. Finally, we discuss challenges in clinical translation and future perspectives for personalized nanomedicine in breast cancer treatment.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Breast Cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanomedicine
  topic: keywords
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Targeted Drug Delivery
  topic: keywords
subject: Theranostics
  topic: keywords
subject: Liposomes
  topic: keywords
subject: Polymeric Nanoparticles
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Breast Cancer
  topic: subjects
subject: Nanomedicine
  topic: subjects
subject: Nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: Targeted Drug Delivery
  topic: subjects
subject: Theranostics
  topic: subjects
subject: Liposomes
  topic: subjects
subject: Polymeric Nanoparticles
  topic: subjects
subject: Drug Resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: Clinical Translation
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussien Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Abouelhag H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-23
publication date: 2025-09-23
starting page: 23
ending page: 31
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.09.76

A Comprehensive Review of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Modern Treatment Advances
type: item
description: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by a loss of immune tolerance, production of autoantibodies, and multi-organ inflammation. For decades, management relied heavily on corticosteroids and broad-spectrum immunosuppressants, often with significant toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SLE, with a particular emphasis on the revolution in therapeutic strategies driven by an improved understanding of its immunopathogenesis. We detail the key pathogenic pathways, including dysregulated B and T cell activity, the central role of the type I interferon signature, and innate immune activation. The review then focuses on the modern treatment paradigm, which aims for a "treat-to-target" approach to achieve remission or low disease activity while minimizing steroid exposure. We expand in detail on the foundational role of hydroxychloroquine, the standard use of mycophenolate mofetil in lupus nephritis, and the transformative impact of biologic agents. These include belimumab (a B-lymphocyte stimulator inhibitor), anifrolumab (a type I interferon receptor antagonist), and the recent approval of voclosporin for nephritis. Finally, we explore emerging therapies targeting novel pathways, which promise a future of personalized, precision medicine for SLE patients. The evolution from non-specific immunosuppression to targeted biologic therapy marks a new era of improved outcomes and quality of life for individuals living with this complex disease.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  topic: keywords
subject: SLE
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoimmunity
  topic: keywords
subject: Immunopathogenesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Loss of Tolerance
  topic: keywords
subject: Type I Interferon
  topic: keywords
subject: Autoantibodies
  topic: keywords
subject: Lupus Nephritis
  topic: keywords
subject: Biologics
  topic: keywords
subject: Review
  topic: keywords
subject: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  topic: subjects
subject: SLE
  topic: subjects
subject: Autoimmunity
  topic: subjects
subject: Immunopathogenesis
  topic: subjects
subject: Loss of Tolerance
  topic: subjects
subject: Type I Interferon
  topic: subjects
subject: Autoantibodies
  topic: subjects
subject: Lupus Nephritis
  topic: subjects
subject: Biologics
  topic: subjects
subject: Review
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-23
publication date: 2025-09-23
starting page: 16
ending page: 22
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.09.75

Respiratory Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions
type: item
description: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, persists as a major global health threat despite extensive control efforts. Respiratory tuberculosis represents the most common and infectious manifestation of this disease, accounting for the majority of transmission events worldwide. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on respiratory TB, with particular emphasis on recent diagnostic advancements, evolving treatment paradigms, and innovative prevention strategies. We examine the complex host-pathogen interactions that underlie disease pathogenesis and explore how new technologies—including molecular diagnostics, next-generation sequencing, and artificial intelligence—are transforming TB management. The review also addresses persistent challenges such as drug resistance, co-morbidities, and healthcare system barriers that continue to hinder elimination efforts. By integrating epidemiological insights with clinical perspectives, this article aims to provide a current overview of the state of respiratory TB control and identify promising directions for future research and public health intervention.
subject: Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medical Sciences
  topic: category
subject: Pharmacology and pharmacy
  topic: category
subject: Biology
  topic: category
subject: Tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Respiratory Infections
  topic: keywords
subject: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  topic: keywords
subject: Multidrug Resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Diagnostic Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Treatment Regimens
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Tuberculosis
  topic: subjects
subject: Respiratory Infections
  topic: subjects
subject: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  topic: subjects
subject: Multidrug Resistance
  topic: subjects
subject: Diagnostic Innovation
  topic: subjects
subject: Treatment Regimens
  topic: subjects
subject: Public Health
  topic: subjects
subject: Global Health
  topic: subjects
creator: Hussein Abouelhag
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Abouelhag https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-23
publication date: 2025-09-23
starting page: 9
ending page: 15
doi: 10.33687/ricosbiol.03.09.74